Mortal

adjective: mortal

1. (of a living human being, often in contrast to a divine being) subject to death.

"all men are mortal"

synonyms: perishable, physical, bodily, corporeal, fleshly, corporal, earthly

antonyms: immortal

relating to humans as subject to death.

"the coffin held the mortal remains of her uncle"

synonyms: perishable, physical, bodily, corporeal, fleshly, corporal, earthly

antonyms: immortal

2. causing or liable to cause death; fatal.

"a mortal disease"

synonyms: deadly, fatal, lethal, death dealing, killing, murderous, destructive, terminal, incurable

(of a battle) fought to the death.

"the screams of men in mortal combat"

synonyms: irreconcilable, deadly, to the death, sworn, bitter, out-and-out, implacable, relentless,unrelenting, unappeasable, remorseless, merciless

(of an enemy or a state of hostility) admitting or allowing no reconciliation until death.

"a mortal foe"

synonyms: irreconcilable, deadly, to the death, sworn, bitter, out-and-out, implacable, relentless,unrelenting, unappeasable, remorseless, merciless 

antonyms: venial

(of a feeling, especially fear) very intense.

"parents live in mortal fear of children's diseases"

synonyms: extreme, very great, great, enormous, terrible, awful, dreadful, intense, severe,grave, dire, inordinate, unbearable, agonizing

"parents live in mortal fear of such diseases"

3. informal

conceivable or imaginable.

"he knew every mortal thing you did"

synonyms: conceivable, imaginable, perceivable, possible, earthly

"the punishment is out of all mortal proportion to the offence"

very great.

"he was in a mortal hurry"

dated

long and tedious.

"for three mortal days it rained"

4.denoting a grave sin that is regarded as depriving the soul of divine grace.

"she had committed a mortal sin"

synonyms: unpardonable, unforgivable, irremissible

"a mortal sin"

antonyms: venial

noun

1. a human being subject to death, as opposed to a divine being.

"capacities only possible of God rather than mortals"

synonyms: human being, human, person, man/woman, being, creature, individual

antonyms: immortal, god

humorous

a person contrasted with others regarded as being of higher status or ability.

"an ambassador had to live in a style which was not expected of lesser mortals"

Ascend

Verb

To move upward, to fly, to soar.

He ascended to heaven upon a cloud.

To slope in an upward direction.

The road ascends the mountain.

To go up.

You ascend the stairs and take a right.

To succeed.

She ascended the throne when her mother abdicated.

(figurative) To rise; to become higher, more noble, etc.

Our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity.

Antonyms : Descend

Descend

Verb

To pass from a higher to a lower place; to move downwards; to come or go down in any way, as by falling, flowing, walking, etc.; to plunge; to fall; to incline downward

The rain descended , and the floods came.Matthew vii. 25.

We will here descend to matters of later date. Fuller.

(poetic) To enter mentally; to retire.

[He] with holiest meditations fed, Into himself descended . .

(with on or upon) To make an attack, or incursion, as if from a vantage ground; to come suddenly and with violence.

And on the suitors let thy wrath descend . .

To come down to a lower, less fortunate, humbler, less virtuous, or worse, state or station; to lower or abase one's self

he descended from his high estate

To pass from the more general or important to the particular or less important matters to be considered.

To come down, as from a source, original, or stock; to be derived; to proceed by generation or by transmission; to fall or pass by inheritance.

the beggar may descend from a prince

a crown descends to the heir

(anatomy) To move toward the south, or to the southward.

(music) To fall in pitch; to pass from a higher to a lower tone.

To go down upon or along; to pass from a higher to a lower part of

they descended the river in boats; to descend a ladder

But never tears his cheek descended . .

Synonyms : Go down

Antonyms : Ascend, Go up

Derived terms : Descender

Related terms : Descent

Introvert

Arrival

Arrival : The action or process of arriving. Example : Ram's arrival in New Delhi.                                             Synonyms: Coming, Advent, Appearance, Entrance, Entry, Materialization, ApproachAntonyms: Departure

Use these idioms/phrases in sentences of your own to bring out their meaning clearly. Do not change the form of the words.

(i) in spite of
(ii) a bed of roses
(iii) cold war
(iv) to rule with an iron hand
(v) to make haste 

Choose the appropriate word to fill in the blanks

(i) Slow and wins the race, (studv/steadv)
(ii) The farm scientists have discovered a new to combat soil erosion, (device/devise)
(iii) Going back on your word is a (breach/break) of trust.
(iv) A of cars was following the minister, (fleet/float)
(v) The businessman tried to a deal inspector, (strike/stroke) 

Use the following words to make sentences that bring out their meaning clearly. Do not change the form of the words. (No marks will be given for vague and ambiguous sentences)

(i) drought
(ii) profitable
(iii) plunge
(iv) deformity
(v) restraint 

Rewrite each of the following sentences as directed without changing the meaning :

(i) He is too arrogant to listen to advice. (Change into a complex sentence)
(ii) He said to me, “What is your name ?” (Change into indirect speech)
(iii) My mother asked me if I had finished my breakfast. (Change into direct speech)
(iv) The people will make him president. (Change into passive voice)
(v) My pocket has been picked. (Change into active voice)
(vi) He confessed that he was guilty. (Change into a simple sentence)
(vii) He ran fast to reach the bus stop. (Change into an interrogative sentence)
(viii) To the best of my knowledge, he is a vegetarian. (Begin the sentence : As far as ...)
(ix) A.R. Rehman is a versatile music composer,_______? (Supply an appropriate tag question)
(x) It is a pity that a noble person should suffer. (Change into an exclamatory sentence) 

Write the antonyms of the following:

(i) Arrival
(ii) Introvert
(iii) Ascend
(iv) Save
(v) Mortal

Use the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets :

(i) Your friends______________ for you for over an hour, (wait)
(ii) It is not worth_____________ so much money for this concert. (pay)
(iii) When I reached the station, the train____________. (leave)
(iv) I _______________ the Taj Mahal last month, (visit)
(v) The criminal__________the victim with a blunt object, (attack) 

Supply the missing words :

(i) Mr. Sharma is senior_________ Mr. Verma.
(ii) He is _____________ poor to afford travelling by air.
(iii) More than 160 million people suffer_________malaria.
(iv) Beware__________ pickpockets.
(v) Time and__________wait for none.

Rewrite the following sentences after making necessary corrections. Do not make unnecessary changes in the original sentence.

(i) He enjoyed during the holidays.
(ii) Whoever works hard he will win.
(iii) The man who knocked at the door was stranger.
(iv) I asked my colleague when was he going to his home town.
(v) Besides clothes, the shopkeeper deals with cosmetics too.
(vi) He is desirous for joining the army.
(vii) The judge said that the truth always triumphed.
(viii) One should help his friend in difficulty.
(ix) Sachin Tendulkar is the best batsman India has produced, isn’t it?
(x) More you read less you understand

Make a precis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give a title to it. The precis should be written in your own language.

The means may be equated to a seed, the end to a tree; and there is just the same inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree. I am not likely to obtain the result flowing from the worship of God by laying myself prostrate before Satan. If, therefore, anyone were to say; ‘I want to worship God; it does not matter that I do so by means of Satan’, it would be set down as ignorant folly. We reap exactly as we sow.

If I want to deprive you of your watch, I shall certainly have to fight for it; if I want to buy your watch, I shall have to pay you for it; and if I want it as a gift, I shall have to plead for it; and according to the means I employ, the watch is a stolen property, my own property, or a donation. Thus we see three different results from three different means. Will you still say that means do not matter ?

Let us proceed a little further. A well-armed man has stolen your property; you have harboured the thought of his act; you are filled with anger; you argue that you want to punish that rogue, not for your own sake, but for the good of your neighbours; you have collected a number of armed men, you want to take his house by assault; he is duly informed of it, he runs away; he, too, is incensed. He collects his brother-robbers, and sends you a defiant message that he will commit robbery in broad daylight. You are strong, you do not fear him, you are prepared to receive him. Meanwhile, the robber pesters your neighbours. They complain before you. You reply that you are doing all for their sake, you do not mind that your own goods have been stolen. Your neighbours reply that the robber never pestered them before, and that he commenced his depredations only after you declared hostilities against him. You are between Scylla and Charybdis. You are full of pity for the poor men. What they say is true. What are you to do ? You will be disgraced if you now leave the robber alone. You, therefore, tell the poor men: ‘Never mind. Come, my wealth is yours. I will give you arms. I will train you how to use them; you should belabour the rogue; don’t you leave him alone.’ And so the battle grows. The robbers increase in numbers; your neighbours have deliberately put themselves to inconvenience. Thus the result of wanting to take revenge upon the robber is that you have disturbed your own peace; you are in perpetual fear of being robbed and assaulted; your courage has given place to cowardice. If you patiently examine the argument, you will see that I have not overdrawn the picture. This is one of the means.

Now let us examine the other. You set this armed robber down as an ignorant brother, you intend to reason with him at a suitable opportunity; you argue that he is, after all, a fellow man; you do not know what prompted him to steal. You, therefore, decide that when you can, you will destroy the man’s motive for stealing. Whilst you are thus reasoning with yourself, the man comes again to steal. Instead of being angry with him, you take pity on him. Henceforth, you keep your doors and windows open, you change your sleeping place, and you keep your things in a manner most accessible to him. The robber comes again and is confused as all this is new to him; nevertheless, he takes away your things. But his mind is agitated. He enquires about you in the village, he comes to learn about your broad and loving heart; he repents, he begs your pardon, returns you your things, and leaves off the stealing habit. He becomes your servant, and you find for him honourable employment. This is the second method.

Thus, you see, different means have brought about totally different results. I do not wish to deduce from this that robbers will act in the above manner or that all will have the same pity and love like you. I only wish to show that fair means alone can produce fair results, and that, at least in the majority of cases, if not indeed in all, the force of love and pity is infinitely greater than the force of arms. There is harm in the exercise of force, never in that of pity. (766 words)  

Read carefully the passage given below and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language

A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are threatening for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the vulnerable surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. Deserts are usually hot and barren places; yet they are also beautiful. A few plants, rocks and dusty red-brown soil make up the ingredients of most North American deserts where there is sufficient food and water for certain animals to survive. Deserts cover more than one-fifth of the Earth’s land and they are found on every continent. A place that receives less than 10 inches of rain per year is normally considered a desert. They are part of a wider classification of regions called “dry land”. These areas exist under a moisture deficit, which means they repeatedly lose more moisture through evaporation than they receive from annual precipitation. 

Deserts are biologically rich habitats with a vast array of animals and plants that have adapted to harsh conditions there. Some deserts are among the planet’s last remaining areas of total wilderness. Yet more than one billion people, one-sixth of the Earth’s population, actually live in the desert regions. 

Despite the common notion of deserts as dry and hot, there are cold deserts as well. One famous dry and hot place in the world with no visible rock or plant and barely any water is the Sahara desert. It is the largest hot desert in the world that reaches temperatures of up to 122 degrees Fahrenheit during the day. Some deserts are very cold, like the Gobi desert in Asia and the desert on the continent of Antarctica. Only about 10 percent of deserts are covered by sand dunes. The driest deserts get less than half an inch of precipitation each year and that is from condensed fog.

Desert animals have adapted ways to help them keep cool and use less _____ water. Camels, for example, can go for days without food and water. The hump stores fat, which can be used as both a food and a water source for the animal when the going gets tough. Camels also have thick hair in their ears for keeping out sand; they also sport closable nostrils, an eye membrane, and wide feet that act like snow-shoes in the land.

Desert plants may have to go without fresh water for years at a time. Some plants have adapted to the arid climate by growing long roots that tap water from deep underground. Other plants, such as cacti, have special means of storing and conserving water. Many desert plants can live to be hundreds of years old.

Some of the world’s semi-arid regions are turning into deserts at an alarming rate. This process, known as “desertification”, is not caused by drought, but usually arises from the demands of human population that settles on the semi-arid lands to grow crops and graze animals. The pounding of the soil by the hooves of livestock may degrade the soil and encourage erosion by wind and water. Global warming also threatens to change the ecology of deserts. Higher temperature may produce an increasing number of wildfires that alter desert landscape by eliminating slow-growing trees and shrubs and replacing them with fast-growing grasses.

Questions: 
(a) Explain what you understand by ‘barren and dry land’.  
(b) What do you understand by rich habitats ? 
(c) How have desert animals and plants in arid climate adapted themselves to the use of less water ? (d) Describe the process of desertification. 
(e) What are the camel’s two most visible features that make it perfect for deserts ?  

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